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- Long-term physiological adaptations after a period of aerobic training.
- Long-term physiological adaptations after a period of anaerobic training.
- Potential improvements to sporting performance.
Exercise over a sustained period of time usually more than 8 weeks will bring about some long term adaptations to the body. These adaptations will be determined by the intensity, duration and frequency of the activities in the programme. The physiological changes will impact upon the musculo-skeletal, cardio – vascular/respiratory and the energy systems
After we exercise over a period of time, adaptations take place within the body. The main adaptations take place in the:
After training aerobically over a period of weeks, there will be changes in the lungs, which include:
This means that more oxygen can be consumed and transported from the alveoli into the capillaries and into the red blood cells. The remaining systems then transport the oxygen to the working muscles and eventually back out as CO2.
The heart gets bigger and stronger (cardiac hypertrophy) with aerobic exercise.
This means the heart can:
The result of this will be:
Overall there will be more blood going to the working muscles, allowing the athlete to exercise for longer in the aerobic zone (taking longer to reach anaerobic threshold) as the exercise intensity increases.
This improves the transportation of the blood to the working muscles. This is also a real health benefit by reducing the potential impact of hypertension (high blood pressure).
This will mean that the blood will be able to carry more oxygen to the working muscles.
This improves the transportation of the blood to the working muscles. This is also a real health benefit by reducing the potential impact of hypertension (high blood pressure).
This will mean that greater amounts of oxygen can be carried into capillaries and then used for energy within the muscle (mitochondria).
All of the above adaptations mean more oxygenated blood can be transported to the working muscles, allowing the performer to:
Also:
After a period of prolonged aerobic training (up to 6 weeks), adaptations to the cardiovascular system are likely to occur, including:
All these adaptations improve sporting performance by:
Anaerobic exercise includes such activities as sprinting, weight training, plyometrics and anything where a sportsperson is working close to their maximum. Anaerobic adaptations are fewer than aerobic but are no less important.
When individuals train and predominantly use the ATP-PC system, then the adaptation as a result of such training is different from athletes who predominantly use the anaerobic glycolysis system. For example, an athlete who undertakes power and strength training will get the following adaptations:
If athletes did longer duration anaerobic training such as 200m and 300m interval sprints, then the following adaptations are more likely:
As well as the adaptations already mentioned above, recent research that high intensity exercise over a period of time, e.g. 30–40 sec bouts, can have what are considered aerobic adaptations. Such adaptations include:
Anaerobic adaptations will mean:
This will help sporting performance by:
High-intensity exercise results in the following adaptations:
It is important that as well as having knowledge and understanding of the actual physiological adaptations, it is of equal importance to understand the actual effects of the adaptation and the potential positive effects on sporting performance. For example, cardiac hypertrophy can help increase stroke volume and maximal cardiac output. This increase in oxygen reaching the muscle will increase the VO2 max. of an individual, which will increase the anaerobic threshold, allowing the athlete to work in the aerobic zone for longer. An anaerobic example is muscular hypertrophy, which can increase the force exerted by a muscle, thus allowing faster contractions, allowing greater sprint speed or increasing leg power when jumping.