Factors affecting growth, development and well-being - physical factors

Physical Factors that can affect an individual’s well-being include:

Ffactorau sy'n effeithio ar dwf, datblygiad a llesiant - ffactorau corfforol

Ymhlith y Ffactorau Corfforol all effeithio ar les unigolyn mae:

DNA strand

Genetic Inheritance

Just as individuals inherit characteristics such as eye colour from their parents, some medical conditions can be passed onto a child from their parent/parents. These are referred to as genetic or inherited disorders.

A genetic disorder arises from the presence of an abnormal gene in an individual’s genetic makeup. This may be inherited from one or both parents but this may not always be the case (for example, Down’s Syndrome).

They may also inherit defective genes that give rise to ill health. These include:

  • cystic fibrosis
  • haemophilia
  • Huntington’s disease
  • sickle cell anaemia
  • muscular dystrophy
  • thalassaemia
  • fragile X syndrome
  • Hunter syndrome.

Children with a genetic disorder may miss school due to infections or hospitalisation and this will affect their intellectual development.

Missed opportunities to develop friendships may affect social and emotional development. Where genetic conditions cause digestive problems physical development may also be affected.

Etifeddiad Genetig

Fel mae unigolion yn etifeddu nodweddion fel lliw'r llygaid oddi wrth eu rhieni, gall rhai cyflyrau meddygol gael eu trosglwyddo o'r rhiant/rhieni i'r plentyn. Cyfeirir at y rhain fel anhwylderau genetig neu etifeddol.

Mae anhwylder genetig yn deillio o bresenoldeb genyn annormal yng nghyfansoddiad genetig unigolyn. Gall gael ei etifeddu oddi wrth un rhiant neu'r ddau riant ond efallai na fydd hyn yn wir bob amser (er enghraifft, Syndrom Down).

Gallant hefyd etifeddu genynnau diffygiol sy'n arwain at salwch. Yn eu plith, mae:

  • ffibrosis cystig
  • haemoffilia
  • clefyd Huntington
  • anaemia cryman-gell
  • nychdod cyhyrol
  • thalassaemia
  • syndrom X bregus
  • syndrom Hunter.

Efallai y bydd plant ag anhwylder genetig yn colli'r ysgol oherwydd heintiau neu gyfnod yn yr ysbyty, a fydd yn effeithio ar eu datblygiad deallusol.

Gall cyfleoedd a fethir i wneud ffrindiau effeithio ar ddatblygiad cymdeithasol ac emosiynol. Lle mae cyflyrau genetig yn achosi problemau treulio gellir gweld effaith ar ddatblygiad corfforol hefyd.

Factors affecting growth, development and well-being - physical factors

Research each of the diseases mentioned on the previous screen and then test your understanding by matching the illness and the description.

Ffactorau sy'n effeithio ar dwf, datblygiad a llesiant - ffactorau corfforol

Ymchwiliwch i'r holl glefydau a nodir ar y sgrin flaenorol ac yna profwch eich dealltwriaeth drwy baru'r salwch i'r disgrifiad.

Terms

Termau

Definitions

Diffiniadau

Correct answers

Atebion cywir

        Factors affecting growth, development and well-being - physical factors

        Disability

        Individuals may be born with a disability or may acquire a disability at any stage of life due to an accident, disease or degeneration of the body due to age.

        Ffactorau sy'n effeithio ar dwf, datblygiad a llesiant - ffactorau corfforol

        Anabledd

        Gall unigolyn gael ei eni ag anabledd neu gall gael anabledd ar unrhyw adeg mewn bywyd oherwydd damwain, clefyd neu am fod y corff yn dirywio oherwydd oedran.

        Sensory disabilities

        Anableddau synhwyraidd

        A sensory disability is a disability of the senses (i.e. sight, hearing, smell, touch, taste). There are a number of conditions that would be classed as sensory disabilities including:

        • Autism – This is a lifelong developmental disability. Autistic individuals can be highly sensitive to loud noises, bright lights or being touched.
        • Blindness or poor vision – This can happen from birth, or be caused by accident or as individuals age.
        • Deafness or hearing loss - This can happen from birth, or be caused by accident or as individuals age.
        • Anosmia – This is the loss of a sense of smell and can be caused by a head injury or infection.
        • Somatosensory impairment – This is the inability to feel heat, pain or light touch. A number of factors including stroke, head injury and cerebral palsy can cause it.

        Anabledd sy'n effeithio ar y synhwyrau (h.y. golwg, clyw, arogl, cyffyrddiad, blas) yw anabledd synhwyraidd. Mae nifer o gyflyrau a fyddai'n cael eu dosbarthu'n anableddau synhwyraidd gan gynnwys:

        • Awtistiaeth – Anabledd datblygiadol gydol oes yw hwn. Gall unigolion awtistig fod yn hynod sensitif i synau mawr, goleuadau llachar neu gael eu cyffwrdd.
        • Dallineb neu olwg gwael – Gall hyn ddigwydd o adeg geni, neu gael ei achosi gan ddamwain neu wrth i unigolion heneiddio.
        • Byddardod neu golli clyw – Gall hyn ddigwydd o adeg geni, neu gael ei achosi gan ddamwain neu wrth i unigolion heneiddio.
        • Anosmia – Colli'r gallu i arogli a all gael ei achosi gan anaf i'r pen neu haint.
        • Nam corffsynhwyrol – Yr anallu i deimlo gwres, poen neu gyffyrddiad ysgafn. Gall nifer o ffactorau gan gynnwys strôc, anaf i'r pen a pharlys yr ymennydd ei achosi.

        Factors affecting growth, development and well-being - physical factors

        Disability

        Individuals may be born with a disability or may acquire a disability at any stage of life due to an accident, disease or degeneration of the body due to age.

        Ffactorau sy'n effeithio ar dwf, datblygiad a llesiant - ffactorau corfforol

        Anabledd

        Gall unigolyn gael ei eni ag anabledd neu gall gael anabledd ar unrhyw adeg mewn bywyd oherwydd damwain, clefyd neu am fod y corff yn dirywio oherwydd oedran.

        Physical disabilities

        Anableddau corfforol

        A physical disability is any disability that limits an individual's physical or mobility capacity. It can be caused by disease or accident, but some conditions can be genetic. These include:

        • Cerebral palsy – This affects movement and coordination. It can also cause speaking and vision problems and in some cases learning difficulties.
        • Spina bifida – This is caused when a baby’s spine and spinal cord do not develop properly in the womb. It can cause movement problems or paralysis and continence issues. Most children with spina bifida will have normal intelligence; however a small number may also have some learning disabilities.
        • Multiple sclerosis – This can affect the brain and/or the spinal cord. This can lead to problems with vision and balance and problems with arm and leg movements. It can also affect an individual’s ability to think, learn and plan.
        • Muscular dystrophy - This is a muscle wasting disease and gets worse over time. This can cause difficulty walking and issues with breathing and swallowing.
        • Dwarfism – This is characterised by restricted growth and can also cause other problems such as bowed legs or curved spine.

        Mae anabledd corfforol yn unrhyw anabledd sy'n cyfyngu ar allu corfforol neu symudedd unigolyn. Gall gael ei achosi gan glefyd neu ddamwain, ond gall rhai cyflyrau fod yn enetig. Yn eu plith, mae:

        • Parlys yr ymennydd – Mae hyn yn effeithio ar symud a chyd-symud. Gall hefyd achosi problemau siarad a gweld ac, mewn rhai achosion, anawsterau dysgu.
        • Spina bifida – Achosir hyn pan nad yw asgwrn cefn na madruddyn cefn baban yn datblygu'n gywir yn y groth. Gall achosi problemau symud neu baralysis a phroblemau anymataliaeth. Bydd gan y rhan fwyaf o blant â spina bifida lefelau dealltwriaeth normal; fodd bynnag, efallai y bydd gan nifer fach rai anableddau dysgu hefyd.
        • Sglerosis ymledol – Gall hyn effeithio ar yr ymennydd a/neu fadruddyn y cefn. Gall arwain at broblemau gweld a chadw balans a phroblemau'n symud y breichiau a'r coesau. Gall hefyd effeithio ar allu unigolyn i feddwl, dysgu a chynllunio.
        • Dystroffi’r cyhyrau - Clefyd nychu'r cyhyrau yw hwn ac mae'n gwaethygu dros amser. Gall ei gwneud hi'n anodd cerdded ac achosi problemau anadlu a llyncu.
        • Corachedd – Fe'i nodweddir gan dyfu cyfyngedig a gall hefyd achosi problemau eraill fel coesau plygedig neu fod yn gefngrwm.

        Factors affecting growth, development and well-being - physical factors

        Disability

        Individuals may be born with a disability or may acquire a disability at any stage of life due to an accident, disease or degeneration of the body due to age.

        Ffactorau sy'n effeithio ar dwf, datblygiad a llesiant - ffactorau corfforol

        Anabledd

        Gall unigolyn gael ei eni ag anabledd neu gall gael anabledd ar unrhyw adeg mewn bywyd oherwydd damwain, clefyd neu am fod y corff yn dirywio oherwydd oedran.

        Learning disabilities

        Anableddau dysgu

        A learning disability affects how an individual learns new things throughout their lifetime. These disabilities can be mild, moderate or profound (severe). Conditions can include:

        • Down’s syndrome – This is caused by extra chromosomes in the cells and in general is not an inherited disorder. There will be some level of learning disability with this condition.
        • William’s syndrome – This is a rare genetic condition. Children with the syndrome will take longer to learn how to walk, talk and develop other social skills. It can also cause heart problems.
        • Autism – This is not a learning disability, but individuals with autism will have some level of learning disability.

        Mae anabledd dysgu yn effeithio ar y ffordd mae unigolyn yn dysgu pethau newydd drwy gydol ei oes. Gall yr anableddau hyn fod yn ysgafn, yn gymedrol neu'n ddifrifol. Gall y cyflyrau gynnwys:

        • Syndrom Down – Fe'i hachosir gan gromosomau ychwanegol yn y celloedd ac, yn gyffredinol, nid yw'n anhwylder a etifeddir. Bydd rhyw lefel o anabledd dysgu gyda'r cyflwr hwn.
        • Syndrom William – Mae hwn yn gyflwr genetig prin. Bydd plant â'r syndrom yn cymryd mwy o amser i ddysgu sut i gerdded, siarad a meithrin sgiliau cymdeithasol eraill. Gall hefyd achosi problemau o ran y galon.
        • Awtistiaeth – Nid anabledd dysgu mo hwn, ond bydd gan unigolion ag awtistiaeth ryw lefel o anabledd dysgu.

        Factors affecting growth, development and well-being - physical factors

        What types of disabilities could these conditions cause? Beware!
        Some conditions can cause more than one disability.

        Ffactorau sy'n effeithio ar dwf, datblygiad a llesiant - ffactorau corfforol

        Pa fathau o anableddau allai'r cyflyrau hyn eu hachosi? Byddwch yn ofalus!
        Gall rhai cyflyrau achosi mwy nag un anabledd.

        Factors affecting growth, development and well-being - physical factors

        Physical Factors that can affect an individual’s well-being include:

        Ffactorau sy'n effeithio ar dwf, datblygiad a llesiant - ffactorau corfforol

        Ymhlith y Ffactorau Corfforol all effeithio ar les unigolyn mae:

        Baby looking up at mother

        Diet and Nutrition

        A good diet has a variety of benefits, including:

        • increased energy
        • improved mood
        • helping to maintain a healthy weight
        • better sleep quality
        • clearer skin
        • lowers the risk of chronic health conditions such as heart disease, stroke, and cancer.

        Hydration

        The body uses water in all its cells, organs and tissues. Water is lost through breathing, sweating and digestion.

        Rehydration replaces the water lost and has the following important benefits:

        • helps stop the mouth from being dry which can cause bad breath
        • promotes good cardiovascular health
        • helps regulate body temperature
        • lubricates joints and helps muscles work more efficiently
        • helps the kidneys clear waste from the blood.

        Breastfeeding

        Studies have found that breastfeeding for the first six months of life, gives a baby the best start in life.

        The health and developmental benefits for babies include:

        • reduces the risk of infection as the milk contains anti-bodies
        • reduces the risk of diarrhoea and vomiting
        • the baby is less likely to be constipated
        • the baby is less likely to develop nappy rash or eczema
        • reduces the risk of SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome)
        • reduces the risk of childhood leukaemia
        • reduces the risk of obesity
        • reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease in adulthood.

        Breastfeeding also has a number of benefits for the mother:

        • reduces the risk of breast cancer
        • reduces the risk of ovarian cancer
        • reduces the risk of osteoporosis (weak bones)
        • reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease
        • reduces the risk of obesity
        • helps the uterus shrink back to size more quickly
        • helps develop the bond between mother and baby.

        It is recommended that babies who are only given breastmilk in the first 6 months of life should also be given a daily supplement of vitamin D.

        Bottle feeding

        Babies may be bottle fed with expressed breast milk or infant formula.

        Formula milk, also known as baby formula or infant formula, is usually made from cows’ milk that has been treated to make it more suitable for babies.

        There's a wide range of different formula brands and types in the shops. Labels carefully to make sure suitable milk is purchased for the baby.

        Formula comes in two different forms: a dry powder that can be made up with water and ready-to-feed liquid formula. While ready-to-feed liquid formula can be convenient, it tends to be more expensive and, once opened, needs to be used more quickly.

        Formula milk provides babies with the nutrients they need to grow and develop. However, it doesn't have the same health benefits as breast milk for the mother and baby, for example, it can't protect the baby from infections.

        Weaning

        In the first six months of life, babies will only need breast milk or formula. After this, foods should be introduced gradually to prevent the risk of allergies.

        Foods that need to be introduced one at a time include:

        • cow’s milk
        • eggs
        • foods that contain gluten such as wheat, barley, rye
        • foods containing nuts and seeds
        • fish and shellfish.

        Deiet a Maeth

        Mae gan ddeiet da amrywiaeth o fuddiannau, gan gynnwys:

        • mwy o egni
        • hwyliau gwell
        • helpu i gynnal pwysau iach
        • cwsg o ansawdd gwell
        • croen mwy clir
        • yn lleihau'r risg o gyflyrau iechyd cronig fel clefyd y galon, strôc, a chanser.

        Hydradiad

        Mae'r corff yn defnyddio dŵr yn ei holl gelloedd, organau a meinweoedd. Caiff dŵr ei golli drwy anadlu, chwysu a threulio.

        Mae ailhydradu yn cymryd lle'r dŵr a gollir ac mae ganddo'r buddiannau pwysig canlynol:

        • helpu i atal y geg rhag mynd yn sych a all achosi anadl drwg
        • hybu iechyd cardiofasgwlaidd da
        • helpu i reoli tymheredd y corff
        • iro'r cyhyrau a helpu'r cyhyrau i weithio'n fwy effeithlon
        • helpu'r arennau i glirio gwastraff o'r gwaed.

        Bwydo ar y fron

        Mae astudiaethau wedi dangos mai bwydo ar y fron am y chwe mis cyntaf mewn bywyd sy'n rhoi'r dechrau gorau mewn bywyd i'r baban.

        Ymhlith y buddiannau iechyd a datblygiadol i fabanod mae:

        • llai o risg o haint am fod y llaeth yn cynnwys gwrthgyrff
        • llai o risg o ddolur rhydd a chwydu
        • mae'r baban yn llai tebygol o fod wedi rhwymo
        • mae'r baban yn llai tebygol o ddatblygu brech glytiau neu ecsema
        • llai o risg o SIDS (syndrom marwolaeth sydyn babanod)
        • llai o risg o lewcemia plentyndod
        • llai o risg o ordewdra
        • llai o risg o glefyd cardiofasgwlaidd fel oedolyn.

        Mae i fwydo ar y fron nifer o fuddiannau i'r fam hefyd:

        • llai o risg o ganser y fron
        • llai o risg o ganser yr ofari
        • llai o risg o osteoporosis (esgyrn gwan)
        • llai o risg o glefyd cardiofasgwlaidd
        • llai o risg o ordewdra
        • helpu'r wterws i leihau nôl i'w faint yn gyflymach
        • helpu i feithrin y bond rhwng mam a'i baban.

        Argymhellir y dylai babanod sydd ond yn cael llaeth o'r fron yn ystod eu chwe mis cyntaf hefyd gael atchwanegiad fitamin D bob dydd.

        Bwydo potel

        Gall babanod gael eu bwydo â photel sy'n cynnwys llaeth o'r fron wedi'i odro neu fformiwla babanod.

        Mae llaeth fformiwla, neu fformiwla babanod, fel arfer wedi'i wneud o laeth buwch, sydd wedi’i drin i'w wneud yn fwy addas i fabanod.

        Mae ystod eang o wahanol frandiau a mathau o fformiwla ar gael yn y siopau. Dylid edrych ar labeli'n ofalus er mwyn sicrhau bod llaeth addas yn cael ei brynu i'r baban.

        Mae dau wahanol fath o fformiwla: powdr sych all gael ei baratoi gyda dŵr a fformiwla hylif parod i fwydo. Er bod fformiwla hylif parod i fwydo yn gallu bod yn gyfleus, mae'n dueddol o fod yn ddrutach ac, unwaith mae wedi'i agor, mae angen ei ddefnyddio'n gyflymach.

        Mae llaeth fformiwla yn darparu'r maetholion sydd eu hangen ar fabanod i dyfu a datblygu. Fodd bynnag, nid oes ganddo'r un buddiannau iechyd â llaeth o'r fron i'r fam na'r baban, er enghraifft ni all ddiogelu'r baban rhag heintiau.

        Diddyfnu

        Yn ystod chwe mis cyntaf bywyd, dim ond llaeth o'r fron neu fformiwla y bydd ei angen ar fabanod. Ar ôl hyn, dylai bwydydd gael eu cyflwyno'n raddol er mwyn atal y risg o alergeddau.

        Ymhlith y bwydydd y mae angen eu cyflwyno un ar y tro mae:

        • llaeth buwch
        • wyau
        • bwydydd sy'n cynnwys glwten fel gwenith, haidd, rhyg
        • bwydydd sy'n cynnwys cnau a hadau
        • pysgod a physgod cregyn.

        Factors affecting growth, development and well-being - physical factors

        Note the advantages and disadvantages of breastfeeding

        Ffactorau sy'n effeithio ar dwf, datblygiad a llesiant - ffactorau corfforol

        Nodwch fanteision ac anfanteision bwydo ar y fron

        Baby looking up at mother

        Advantages

        Manteision

        Disadvantages

        Anfanteision

        Breastfeeding

        Advantages
        • a reduced risk of infection, as the milk contains anti-bodies
        • a reduced risk of diarrhoea and vomiting
        • the baby is less likely to be constipated
        • the baby is less likely to develop nappy rash or eczema
        • a reduced risk of SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome)
        • a reduced risk of childhood leukaemia
        • a reduced risk of obesity
        • a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease in adulthood
        • a reduced risk of breast cancer for the mother
        • a reduced risk of ovarian cancer for the mother
        • it helps the uterus shrink back to size more quickly
        • it helps develop the bond between mother and baby.
        Disadvantages
        • less freedom as the mother needs to be available to feed the baby every few hours
        • can be painful for the mother
        • does not allow the father to experience the same closeness with their child
        • society can be critical of breast-feeding in public
        • can be embarrassing breastfeeding in front of male relatives
        • can be difficult for both mother and baby to master
        • mother needs to consider everything she eats or drinks whilst she is breastfeeding as it will be passed to the baby in the breast milk.

        Bwydo ar y fron

        Manteision
        • llai o risg o haint, gan fod y llaeth yn cynnwys gwrthgyrff
        • llai o risg o ddolur rhydd a chwydu
        • mae'r babi yn llai tebygol o fod yn rhwym
        • mae'r babi yn llai tebygol o ddatblygu brech clwt/cewyn neu ecsema
        • llai o risg o SIDS (syndrom marwolaeth sydyn babanod)
        • llai o risg o lewcemia ymysg plant
        • llai o risg o ordewdra
        • llai o risg o glefyd cardiofasgwlar pan yn oedolyn
        • llai o risg bydd y fam yn cael canser y fron
        • llai o risg bydd y fam yn cael canser yr ofari
        • mae'n helpu'r groth i ddod yn ôl i'w maint gwreiddiol yn gynt
        • mae'n helpu i ddatblygu'r cyswllt rhwng y fam a'r babi.
        Anfanteision
        • llai o ryddid gan fod angen i'r fam fod ar gael i fwydo'r babi bob ychydig oriau
        • gall fod yn boenus i'r fam
        • dydy'r tad ddim yn gallu profi'r un agosatrwydd gyda'i blentyn
        • gall cymdeithas fod yn feirniadol o fwydo ar y fron yn gyhoeddus
        • gall fod yn destun cywilydd i fwydo ar y fron o flaen perthnasau gwryw
        • gall fod yn anodd i'r fam a'r babi ei feistroli
        • mae angen i'r fam ystyried popeth mae hi'n ei fwyta neu yfed pan fydd yn bwydo ar y fron oherwydd bydd yn cael ei drosglwyddo i'r babi yn llaeth y fron.

        Factors affecting growth, development and well-being - physical factors

        Physical activity

        Being physically active on a daily basis can affect health, development and well-being in a number of positive ways.

        Ffactorau sy'n effeithio ar dwf, datblygiad a llesiant - ffactorau corfforol

        Gweithgareddau corfforol

        Gall gweithgarwch corfforol dyddiol gael effaith gadarnhaol ar iechyd, datblygiad a lles mewn sawl ffordd.

        Children 0 – 5

        Babies, toddlers and nursery age children should be encouraged to move as much as possible through active play. This will have the following positive effects:

        • develops movement and co-ordination
        • support learning and social skills
        • contributes to a healthy weight
        • enhances bone and muscular development
        • supports learning of social skills
        • improves cardiovascular health.

        Children 5 – 18

        For children to stay healthy they need to ensure that they do three types of activities each week:

        • aerobic exercise such as playing chase or swimming
        • exercise that strengthen bones such and riding a bike or dancing
        • exercise that strengthens muscles such as tree climbing and gymnastics.

        Exercise at this age will have the following positive benefits:

        • improves cardiovascular health
        • maintains a healthy weight
        • improves bone health
        • improves self-confidence
        • develops new social skills.

        Adults

        To stay healthy, adults should do aerobic and strengthening activities each week.

        This could include playing football or going to dance classes to build aerobic capacity and gardening, weightlifting or yoga to strengthen muscles.

        Exercise will have the following benefits:

        • reduces risk of a range of diseases, e.g. coronary heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes
        • helps maintain a healthy weight
        • helps maintain ability to perform everyday tasks with ease
        • improves self-esteem
        • reduces symptoms of depression and anxiety.

        Older adults

        In order to ensure that everyday tasks can still be carried out and for general health and well-being, older adults should aim to do aerobic and strengthening exercises.

        At this stage of life exercise can have the following benefits:

        • helps maintain cognitive function
        • reduces cardiovascular risk
        • helps maintain ability to carry out daily living activities
        • improves mood and can improve self esteem
        • reduces the risk of falls.

        Why sitting is bad for your health

        Many adults work in jobs that involve sitting for up to seven hours a day, they drive to and from work and then spend their leisure time watching TV or using technology.

        This is harmful to their health. Sitting for long periods can slow the metabolism which can lead to the body being unable to:

        • regulate blood sugar, leading to Type-2 diabetes,
        • regulate blood pressure, leading to cardiovascular disease
        • break down body fat, leading to obesity.

        Plant 0 – 5

        Dylai babanod, plant bach a phlant oedran meithrin gael eu hannog i symud cymaint â phosibl drwy chwarae gweithredol. Caiff hyn yr effeithiau cadarnhaol canlynol:

        • datblygu symud a chyd-symud
        • cefnogi dysgu a sgiliau cymdeithasol
        • cyfrannu at bwysau iach
        • gwella datblygiad yr esgyrn a'r cyhyrau
        • cefnogi meithrin sgiliau cymdeithasol
        • gwella iechyd cardiofasgwlaidd.

        Plant 5 – 18

        Er mwyn i blant aros yn iach mae angen iddynt sicrhau eu bod yn gwneud tri math o weithgaredd bob wythnos:

        • ymarfer corff erobig fel chwarae siasio neu nofio
        • ymarfer corff sy'n cryfhau'r esgyrn fel reidio beic neu ddawnsio
        • ymarfer corff sy'n cryfhau'r cyhyrau fel dringo coeden a gymnasteg.

        Bydd ymarfer corff yr oedran hwn yn sicrhau'r buddiannau cadarnhaol canlynol:

        • gwella iechyd cardiofasgwlaidd
        • cynnal pwysau iach
        • gwella iechyd yr esgyrn
        • gwella hunanhyder
        • meithrin sgiliau cymdeithasol newydd.

        Oedolion

        Er mwyn aros yn iach, dylai oedolion wneud gweithgareddau aerobig a chryfhau bob wythnos.

        Gallai hyn gynnwys chwarae pêl-droed neu fynd i ddosbarthiadau dawns er mwyn cynyddu gallu aerobig a garddio, codi pwysau neu ioga er mwyn cryfhau'r cyhyrau.

        Bydd gan ymarfer corff y buddiannau canlynol:

        • lleihau'r risg o amrywiaeth o glefydau, e.e. clefyd coronaidd y galon, strôc, diabetes math 2
        • helpu i gynnal pwysau iach
        • helpu i barhau i gyflawni tasgau bob dydd yn rhwydd
        • gwella hunanhyder
        • lleihau symptomau iselder a gorbryder.

        Oedolion hŷn

        Er mwyn sicrhau y gall tasgau bob dydd gael eu cyflawni o hyd ac er mwyn sicrhau iechyd a lles cyffredinol, dylai oedolion hŷn anelu at wneud ymarfer corff aerobig a chryfhau.

        Ar y cam hwn mewn bywyd gall ymarfer corff gael y buddiannau canlynol:

        • helpu i gynnal swyddogaeth wybyddol
        • lleihau risg gardiofasgwlaidd
        • helpu i barhau i gyflawni tasgau bob dydd
        • gwella hwyliau a hunanhyder o bosibl
        • lleihau'r risg o gwympo.

        Pam mae eistedd yn wael i'ch iechyd

        Mae llawer o oedolion yn gweithio mewn swyddi sy'n cynnwys eistedd am hyd at saith awr y dydd, maent yn gyrru i'r gwaith ac oddi yno ac yna'n treulio eu hamser hamdden yn gwylio'r teledu neu'n defnyddio technoleg.

        Mae hyn yn niweidiol i'w hiechyd. Gall eistedd am gyfnodau hir arafu metabolaeth a all arwain at fethiant y corff i:

        • reoleiddio siwgr yn y gwaed, gan arwain at ddiabetes Math-2,
        • rheoleiddio pwysedd gwaed, gan arwain at glefyd cardiofasgwlaidd
        • torri braster y corff i lawr, gan arwain at ordewdra.

        Factors affecting growth, development and well-being - physical factors

        Read each scenario and then using the information on the previous screen and the fact files available in the resource pack; give recommendations on how to improve physical health.

        Ffactorau sy'n effeithio ar dwf, datblygiad a llesiant - ffactorau corfforol

        Darllenwch bob senario ac yna defnyddiwch y wybodaeth ar y sgrin flaenorol a'r ffeiliau ffeithiau sydd ar gael yn y pecyn adnoddau; argymhellwch ffyrdd o wella iechyd corfforol.

        Manon

        Manon is due to give birth to her baby in the next few weeks. She doesn’t think that she wants to breastfeed her baby as she’s read that formula milk has all the same nutrients.

        Mae disgwyl i Manon roi genedigaeth i'w baban yn yr ychydig wythnosau nesaf. Nid yw'n credu ei bod hi am fwydo'r baban ar y fron am ei bod wedi darllen bod llaeth fformiwla yn cynnwys yn union yr un maetholion.

        Suggested answer

        Manon is free to choose whichever method of feeding suits her best. She should not be made to feel pressured into breastfeeding her baby if it isn’t right for her. However, there is no doubt that breast milk will always be best for the baby, particularly in the first few weeks when antibodies that will help fight infection are passed from mother to baby via the breast milk. If Manon does decide that she is going to breastfeed she needs to consider her lifestyle choices. As everything is passed to the baby in the breastmilk, Manon will need to abstain from alcohol and not smoke. She will also need to eat a diet rich in iron, vitamin, minerals and calcium. She will also need to ensure that she stays hydrated.

        Ateb awgrymedig

        Mae croeso i Manon ddewis pa bynnag ddull o fwydo sy'n fwyaf addas iddi hi. Dylai hi ddim teimlo bod pwysau arni i fwydo ei babi ar y fron os nad yw hyn yn iawn iddi hi. Fodd bynnag, does dim dwywaith mai llaeth y fron sydd orau i'r babi bob amser, yn enwedig yn ystod yr wythnosau cyntaf pan mae gwrthgyrff sy'n helpu i ymladd heintiau yn cael eu trosglwyddo o'r fam i'r babi drwy laeth y fron. Os bydd Manon yn penderfynu ei bod am fwydo ar y fron mae angen iddi ystyried ei dewisiadau ffordd o fyw. Gan fod popeth yn cael ei drosglwyddo i'r babi yn llaeth y fron, bydd angen i Manon roi'r gorau i yfed alcohol a pheidio ag ysmygu. Hefyd, bydd angen iddi fwyta deiet sy'n cynnwys llawer o haearn, mwynau a chalsiwm. Hefyd, bydd angen iddi sicrhau ei bod hi’n yfed digon o ddŵr.

        Delyth

        Delyth is a forty-year-old woman who works in an office, drives to work and spends her leisure time knitting. She is concerned that she seems to be putting on weight and needs to do something about it.

        Mae Delyth yn 40 oed ac yn gweithio mewn swyddfa, yn gyrru i'r gwaith ac yn treulio ei hamser hamdden yn gwau. Mae'n poeni ei bod hi'n magu pwysau ac mae angen iddi wneud rhywbeth am hynny.

        Suggested answer

        As we age our metabolic rate slows down and we find that we put on weight far more easily. We also begin to lose muscle mass. In order to combat this, Delyth needs to ensure she eats a healthy, varied diet and tries to cut down on sugary and fatty foods in order to keep her weight under control. She should also think about taking up a hobby that will allow her to be more active so that she can slow down the process of losing muscle mass. Muscle strengthening activities, such as carrying bags of shopping or gardening, would also improve her muscle tone.

        Ateb awgrymedig

        Wrth i ni heneiddio mae ein cyfradd fetabolaidd yn arafu ac rydyn ni’n magu pwysau yn llawer haws. Rydyn ni hefyd yn colli màs y cyhyrau. Er mwyn atal hyn mae angen i Delyth wneud yn siŵr ei bod hi'n bwyta deiet iach, amrywiol ac yn ceisio bwyta llai o fwyd sy'n cynnwys siwgr a braster er mwyn cadw ei phwysau o dan reolaeth. Dylai hi hefyd ystyried cael hobi a fydd yn ei galluogi i fod yn fwy gweithgar er mwyn iddi arafu'r broses o golli màs y cyhyrau. Byddai gweithgareddau i gryfhau'r cyhyrau, fel cario bagiau o siopa neu arddio, hefyd yn gwella ffyrfder ei chyhyrau.

        Dewi

        Dewi lost his wife earlier this year and at 66 is finding daily tasks like vacuuming are becoming difficult. He’s also feeling depressed and lethargic.

        Collodd Dewi ei wraig yn gynharach eleni ac yn 66 oed mae'n ei chael hi'n fwyfwy anodd cyflawni tasgau bob dydd fel sugno llwch. Mae hefyd yn teimlo'n isel ac yn flinedig.

        Suggested answer

        Dewi should be encouraged to get out and take up a new activity. Not only will this help him develop new friendships, but keeping active also helps to improve low mood. Increased fitness levels will also help Dewi carry out the day to day household chores that he is currently finding difficult.

        Ateb awgrymedig

        Dylid annog Dewi i fynd allan a gwneud gweithgaredd newydd. Bydd hyn nid yn unig yn ei helpu i wneud ffrindiau newydd, bydd cadw'n weithgar hefyd yn helpu i godi ei hwyliau. Bydd gwella ei lefelau ffitrwydd hefyd yn helpu Dewi i gyflawni'r tasgau bob dydd o amgylch y cartref sy'n peri anhawster iddo ar hyn o bryd.

        John

        John loves aerobic activity – at 24 he runs three times a week and plays football every weekend. He’s finding that his upper body strength isn’t very good and doesn’t understand why.

        Mae John wrth ei fodd yn gwneud gweithgareddau aerobig – yn 24 oed mae'n rhedeg deirgwaith yr wythnos ac yn chwarae pêl-droed bob penwythnos. Mae'n gweld nad yw rhan uchaf y corff yn gryf iawn ac ni all ddeall pam.

        Suggested answer

        John needs to include some weight lifting activities in his exercise regime. At the moment, he is only focusing on activities that build aerobic capacity. Weight training sessions at the gym would help improve his upper body strength.

        Ateb awgrymedig

        Mae angen i John gynnwys rhai gweithgareddau codi pwysau yn ei drefn ymarfer corff. Ar hyn o bryd, mae'n canolbwyntio ar weithgareddau sy'n gwella ei allu aerobig yn unig. Byddai sesiynau codi pwysau yn y gampfa yn helpu i wella cryfder rhan uchaf ei gorff.

        Mali

        Mali is seven months old, is constantly being sick, and has diarrhoea. Her mother started weaning her onto solid foods about a month ago. She blends everything the family eats with milk or water and feeds it to Mali.

        Mae Mali yn saith mis oed. Mae'n chwydu drwy'r amser ac mae ganddi ddolur rhydd. Dechreuodd ei mam roi bwydydd solet iddi ryw fis yn ôl. Mae'n cymysgu popeth mae'r teulu yn ei fwyta â llaeth neu ddŵr ac yn ei fwydo i Mali.

        Suggested answer

        Mali’s mother should stop feeding her daughter pureed versions of the food the family eat. At seven months, foods should be introduced one at a time so that any intolerance can be identified. It may be that she has an intolerance to dairy, but as she is currently having a mix of many ingredients, there is no way to know for sure.

        Ateb awgrymedig

        Dylai mam Mali roi'r gorau i fwydo ei merch â fersiynau wedi'u malu o'r bwyd mae'r teulu yn ei fwyta. Dylai bwydydd gael eu cyflwyno un ar y tro i fabanod saith mis oed er mwyn sylwi ar unrhyw anoddefedd. Mae'n bosibl bod ganddi anoddefedd cynnyrch llaeth, ond gan ei bod hi'n cael cymysgedd o gynhwysion ar hyn o bryd does dim ffordd o wybod i sicrwydd.

        Factors affecting growth, development and well-being - physical factors

        Physical Factors that can affect an individual’s well-being include:

        Ffactorau sy'n effeithio ar dwf, datblygiad a llesiant - ffactorau corfforol

        Ymhlith y Ffactorau Corfforol all effeithio ar les unigolyn mae:

        Young girl dressed up as medic

        Opportunities for play

        Play is essential to the development of babies, and children because it contributes to their cognitive, physical, social, and emotional well-being.

        Play promotes brain development and learning in babies and young children.

        It also decreases the risk of developing health conditions like Cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and obesity.

        Outdoor play

        Most children will have the ability to run and walk but they will need to be given the opportunity to practice other skills such as hopping, jumping, throwing and catching. Outdoor play allows them the space to do this. These types of activities will have physical benefits including:

        • improves cardiovascular health
        • maintains a healthy weight
        • develops gross-motor skills
        • improves self-confidence
        • develops co-ordination.

        Indoor play

        This can involve more creative and imaginative play such as painting, playing with jigsaws, and role-play. This type of play can have developmental benefits including:

        • improves cognitive skills
        • improves fine motor skills
        • promotes mental health
        • builds resilience.

        Cyfle i chwarae

        Mae chwarae yn hanfodol i ddatblygiad babanod a phlant am ei fod yn cyfrannu at eu lles gwybyddol, corfforol, cymdeithasol ac emosiynol.

        Mae chwarae yn hybu datblygiad yr ymennydd a dysgu mewn babanod a phlant bach.

        Mae hefyd yn lleihau'r risg o ddatblygu cyflyrau iechyd fel clefyd cardiofasgwlaidd, diabetes a gordewdra.

        Chwarae yn yr awyr agored

        Bydd y rhan fwyaf o blant yn gallu rhedeg a cherdded ond bydd angen iddynt gael y cyfle i ymarfer sgiliau eraill fel hopian, neidio, taflu a dal. Mae chwarae yn yr awyr agored yn eu galluogi i wneud hyn. Bydd gan y mathau hyn o weithgareddau fuddiannau corfforol gan gynnwys:

        • gwella iechyd cardiofasgwlaidd
        • cynnal pwysau iach
        • meithrin sgiliau echddygol bras
        • gwella hunanhyder
        • datblygu cyd-symud.

        Chwarae dan do

        Gall hyn gynnwys chwarae mwy creadigol a dychmygol fel peintio, chwarae gyda jig-sos, a chwarae rôl. Gall fod gan y math hwn o chwarae fuddiannau datblygiadol gan gynnwys:

        • gwella sgiliau gwybyddol
        • gwella sgiliau echddygol manwl
        • hybu iechyd meddwl
        • meithrin gwydnwch.

        Factors affecting growth, development and well-being - physical factors

        Physical Factors that can affect an individual’s well-being include:

        Ffactorau sy'n effeithio ar dwf, datblygiad a llesiant - ffactorau corfforol

        Ymhlith y Ffactorau Corfforol all effeithio ar les unigolyn mae:

        Baby with an inhalation mask on their face

        Experience of illness and disease

        There are a number of illnesses that can affect a child’s growth and development. These include:

        • congenital heart defects
        • asthma
        • cystic fibrosis
        • coeliac disease
        • Crohn’s disease
        • long term kidney disease.

        In some cases, growth can be affected either by the illness or by the medications used to treat the illness.

        This may restrict development opportunities through being unable to partake in physical activities. Pain and frequent visits to the hospital may also affect mental health.

        Minor illnesses such as tonsillitis, coughs and colds, diarrhoea cause absences from school that can influence a child’s intellectual and social development.

        More serious illnesses such as meningitis and measles although cured may leave the individual with a long-term disability such as hearing or vision loss and in the case of meningitis loss of limbs.

        Profiad o salwch ac afiechyd

        Mae nifer o fathau o salwch all effeithio ar allu plentyn i dyfu a datblygu. Yn eu plith, mae:

        • namau cynhwynol ar y galon
        • asthma
        • ffibrosis cystig
        • clefyd coeliag
        • clefyd Crohn's
        • clefyd yr arennau hirdymor.

        Mewn rhai achosion, gall y salwch neu'r meddyginiaethau a ddefnyddir i drin y salwch effeithio ar y gallu i dyfu.

        Gall hyn gyfyngu ar gyfleoedd i ddatblygu am na ellir cymryd rhan mewn gweithgareddau corfforol. Gall poen ac ymweliadau rheolaidd â'r ysbyty hefyd effeithio ar iechyd meddwl.

        Mae mân anhwylderau fel tonsilitis, peswch ac annwyd, a dolur rhydd yn achosi absenoldeb o'r ysgol a all ddylanwadu ar ddatblygiad deallusol a chymdeithasol plentyn.

        Gall anhwylderau mwy difrifol fel meningitis a'r frech goch, er iddynt wella, adael yr unigolyn gydag anabledd hirdymor, fel colli clyw neu olwg, ac yn achos meningitis colli coesau a breichiau.

        Factors affecting growth, development and well-being - physical factors

        Which of these could affect development and well-being in a positive manner and which in a negative manner?

        Ffactorau sy'n effeithio ar dwf, datblygiad a llesiant - ffactorau corfforol

        Pa rai o'r rhain allai effeithio ar ddatblygiad a lles mewn ffordd gadarnhaol a pha rai mewn ffordd negyddol?