Health and well-being (adults) Iechyd a llesiant (oedolion)
Factors that may affect individuals – social and emotional Ffactorau a all effeithio ar unigolion – cymdeithasol ac emosiynol

Gender stereotypes – Even today men and women are expected to conform to certain gender stereotypes. Women who refuse to conform are classed as being butch, whilst men who fail to conform are referred to as effeminate.

Gender inequality – Women tend to live longer than men but spend fewer years in good health. The gender pay gap puts women at greater risk of living in poverty, which would affect their well-being.

Transgender - Experiences of discrimination, social exclusion, harassment and violence directly impact the health and well-being of transgender individuals. However, transitioning and being able to express gender identity improves health and well-being.

Stereoteipiau o ran rhywedd – Hyd yn oed heddiw, mae yna ddisgwyl i fenywod a dynion gydymffurfio â stereoteipiau o ran rhywedd penodol. Mae menywod sy’n gwrthod cydymffurfio yn cael eu hystyried fel rhywun gwrywaidd, tra bod dynion sy’n methu â chydymffurfio yn cael eu hystyried fel rhywun merchetaidd.

Anghydraddoldeb rhywiol – Mae menywod yn dueddol o fyw'n hirach na dynion ond maent yn treulio llai o flynyddoedd mewn iechyd da. Mae'r bwlch cyflog rhwng y rhywiau yn golygu bod menywod yn wynebu mwy o risg o fyw mewn tlodi, a fyddai'n effeithio ar eu llesiant.

Trawsryweddol – Mae profi gwahaniaethu, allgáu cymdeithasol, aflonyddu a thrais yn cael effaith uniongyrchol ar iechyd a llesiant unigolion drawsryweddol. Fodd bynnag, gall trosi a mynegi hunaniaeth o ran rhywedd wella iechyd a llesiant.

Spin the wheel and discuss the statements. What is your view?

Trowch yr olwyn a thrafodwch y datganiadau. Beth yw’ch barn?

• Parent and child – A relationship between parent and child needs to be consistent and sensitive in order to avoid any negative emotional impact. If children feel that they can rely on a parent for comfort when they are distressed, they will grow up feeling that they are worthy of love and care. Children with a strong emotional bond to their parents are less likely to be influenced by peer pressure in their teens.
• Siblings – When siblings are young, their type of relationship varies depending on age and gender. When they are young, they tend to fight in physical ways, but as they grow older this will develop into verbal arguments. Adult siblings tend to have relationships that fall into one of the five following categories:
  • extremely devoted, placing sibling relationship above all others
  • close and caring friends, but place a higher value on marriage and parent/child relationships
  • loyalty based on common family history, maintain regular contact, participate in family gatherings and are there in times of crisis
  • don’t really feel connected and have infrequent to no contact
  • hostility based on resentment and anger.
• Friendships – these are important for a number of reasons and can promote health and wellbeing through support, boosting self-esteem, keeping you active and helping you to have a positive approach. However, dysfunctional friendships have a negative impact on health and well-being. Friends can pressure individuals into doing things that are bad for them and can damage their self-esteem through constant criticism.
• Intimate and sexual relationships – This type of relationship can have a positive or negative effect on health and well-being. Individuals may tend to put on weight and take less care of their appearance once they are in a comfortable intimate relationship. However the opposite can happen, with couples motivating each other to keep fit and eat healthily. Healthy sexual relationships can reduce stress levels, but if one partner feels pressured into a sexual relationship then this can cause stress and anxiety.
• Working relationships – Health and well-being are positively affected if an individual feels part of a community and supported by their colleagues. This develops an individual’s sense of belonging and purpose and helps them feel more in control of decisions that affect them.

• Rhiant a phlentyn – Mae angen i'r berthynas rhwng rhiant a phlentyn fod yn gyson ac yn sensitif er mwyn osgoi unrhyw effaith emosiynol negyddol. Os bydd plant yn teimlo y gallant ddibynnu ar riant am gysur pan fyddant mewn trallod, byddant yn tyfu i fyny yn teimlo eu bod yn haeddu cariad a gofal. Mae plant sydd â bond emosiynol cryf â'u rhieni yn llai tebygol o fod yn agored i bwysau gan gymheiriaid yn eu harddegau.
• Brodyr a chwiorydd – Pan fydd brodyr a chwiorydd yn ifanc, bydd eu math o berthynas yn amrywio yn dibynnu ar oedran a rhywedd. Pan yn ifanc, byddant yn dueddol o ymladd mewn ffyrdd corfforol, ond wrth iddynt dyfu i fyny bydd hyn yn datblygu i fod yn gweryla ar lafar. Mae brodyr a chwiorydd sy'n oedolion yn dueddol o gael cydberthnasau sy'n perthyn i un o'r pum categori canlynol:
• hynod ffyddlon, gan osod y berthynas rhwng brodyr a chwiorydd uwchlaw pob un arall
• ffrindiau agos a gofalgar, ond rhoddir mwy o werth ar briodas a'r berthynas rhwng y rhiant a'r plentyn
• teyrngarwch yn seiliedig ar hanes cyffredin y teulu, cadw mewn cysylltiad rheolaidd, mynychu digwyddiadau'r teulu ac yno mewn argyfwng
• ddim yn teimlo wedi cysylltu a braidd dim cyswllt, os o gwbl
• gelyniaeth yn seiliedig ar ddrwgdeimlad a dicter.
• Cyfeillgarwch – mae hyn yn bwysig am sawl rheswm a gall hybu iechyd a llesiant drwy gefnogaeth, hybu hunan-barch, cadw unigolion yn weithgar a helpu i weithredu mewn ffordd gadarnhaol. Fodd bynnag, mae cyfeillgarwch camweithredol yn cael effaith negyddol ar iechyd a llesiant. Gall ffrindiau roi pwysau ar unigolion i wneud pethau sy'n wael iddynt, a gallant niweidio eu hunan-barch drwy feirniadaeth gyson.
• Cydberthnasau agos a rhywiol – Gall y math hwn o berthynas gael effaith gadarnhaol neu negyddol ar iechyd a llesiant. Gall unigolion fagu pwysau a chymryd llai o ofal o'u hymddangosiad pan fyddant mewn perthynas agos gyfforddus. Fodd bynnag, gall y gwrthwyneb ddigwydd, gyda chyplau yn cymell ei gilydd i gadw'n heini a bwyta'n iach. Gall cydberthnasau rhywiol iach ostwng lefelau straen, ond os bydd un partner yn cael ei roi dan bwysau i gael perthynas rywiol gall hyn achosi straen a gorbryder.
• Cydberthnasau gwaith – Gwelir effaith gadarnhaol ar iechyd a llesiant os bydd unigolyn yn teimlo'n rhan o gymuned a'i fod yn cael ei gefnogi gan ei gydweithwyr. Mae hyn yn meithrin ymdeimlad o berthyn a diben unigolyn ac yn ei helpu i deimlo bod ganddo fwy o reolaeth o benderfyniadau sy'n effeithio arno.

http://www.aces.me.uk/in-wales/

These traumatic experiences occur before the age of 18 and are remembered throughout adulthood.

These can include:

• Emotional abuse – This can include exposing a child to violence, modelling bad behaviour or failing to meet a child’s emotional needs. This can lead to a child developing mental health problems, eating disorders and can lead to self-harming.
• Sexual abuse – Any sexual activity that a child is persuaded to take part in is classed as sexual abuse. It doesn’t have to involve physical contact and the child may not realise that it is wrong at the time. This can lead to severe mental health problems and the risk of self-harm.
• Physical abuse – This includes anything that would directly harm the child’s physical safety. Children who are physically abused may not do well at school, and may become involved in criminal behaviour and develop drug and alcohol problems. They can also suffer mental health problems. Shaking a baby can lead to serious injuries including brain damage, hearing and visual impairments, learning problems and behavioural problems.
• Domestic abuse – This is an ongoing pattern of abusive, coercive and controlling behaviour, involving physical, sexual, emotional and financial abuse. Children who experience domestic abuse are more likely to be part of an abusive relationship as adults.
• Neglect – This is a consistent failure to meet a child’s basic needs. Children who experience neglect are more likely to get involved in crime, have alcohol or drug problems and get involved in dangerous relationships.

http://www.aces.me.uk/cymraeg/

Mae'r profiadau trawmatig hyn yn digwydd cyn 18 oed a chânt eu cofio drwy gydol oedolaeth.

Yn eu plith, mae:

• Camdriniaeth emosiynol – Gall hyn gynnwys amlygu plentyn i drais, modelu ymddygiad gwael neu fethu â diwallu anghenion emosiynol plentyn. Gall hyn arwain at blentyn yn datblygu problemau iechyd meddwl, anhwylderau bwyta a hunan-niwed.
• Camdriniaeth rywiol – ystyrir bod unrhyw weithgaredd rhywiol y caiff plentyn ei ddarbwyllo i gymryd rhan ynddo yn gamdriniaeth rywiol. Nid oes rhaid i hyn gynnwys cyswllt corfforol ac efallai na fydd plentyn yn sylweddoli bod rhywbeth o'i le. Gall hyn arwain at broblemau iechyd meddwl difrifol a'r risg o hunan-niwed.
• Camdriniaeth gorfforol – Mae hyn yn cynnwys unrhyw beth a fyddai'n niweidio diogelwch corfforol plentyn yn uniongyrchol. Efallai na fydd plant a gaiff eu cam-drin yn gorfforol yn gwneud yn dda yn yr ysgol, a gallant ddechrau troseddu neu gael problemau cyffuriau ac alcohol. Gallant hefyd wynebu problemau iechyd meddwl. Gall ysgwyd baban arwain at anafiadau difrifol, gan gynnwys niwed i'r ymennydd, nam ar y clyw a'r golwg, problemau dysgu a phroblemau ymddygiadol.
• Camdriniaeth ddomestig – Mae hwn yn batrwm rheolaidd o gam-drin ac ymddygiad cymhellol sy'n rheoli, sy'n cynnwys camdriniaeth gorfforol, rywiol, emosiynol ac ariannol. Mae plant sy'n profi camdriniaeth ddomestig yn fwy tebygol o fod mewn perthynas gamdriniol fel oedolyn.
• Esgeulustod – Methiant parhaus i ddiwallu anghenion sylfaenol plentyn. Mae plant sy'n profi esgeulustod yn fwy tebygol o droseddu, cael problemau cyffuriau neu alcohol a bod yn rhan o gydberthnasau peryglus.

Read and consider the information from Public Health Wales on Adverse Childhood Experiences and their impact

Cymru Well Wales: Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)

and the importance of the first 1000 days in a child’s life

Cymru Well Wales : The first 1000 days

Make a note of the main points.

Darllenwch ac ystyriwch y wybodaeth gan Iechyd Cyhoeddus Cymru am Brofiadau Niweidiol yn ystod Plentyndod a'u heffaith

Cymru Well Wales: Profiadau Niweidiol yn ystod Plentyndod

a phwysigrwydd y mil o ddiwrnodau cyntaf ym mywyd plentyn

Cymru Well Wales : 1000 o Ddiwrnodau Cyntaf

Nodwch y prif bwyntiau

Being employed is good for health and well-being. It allows individuals to:

• have the means to develop themselves
• have a sense of pride and personal achievement
• socialise, and find support
• have structure and purpose to their day
• be physically and mentally active
• have money to support themselves and their family and explore their interests.

Unemployment

According to the Royal College of Psychiatrists, individuals who are unemployed are more likely to:

• have poorer physical and mental health overall
• consult their GP moret
• be more likely to be admitted to hospital
• have higher death rates.

Work related stress

If the demands of a job are greater than the employee’s ability to cope, then this can lead to work related stress. This can lead to anxiety and depression.

Mae bod mewn swydd yn dda i iechyd a llesiant. Mae'n galluogi unigolion i:

• ddatblygu eu hunain
• teimlo balchder a chyflawniad personol
• cymdeithasu, a chael cefnogaeth
• cael strwythur a diben i'w diwrnod
• bod yn weithgar yn gorfforol ac yn feddyliol
• cael arian i gefnogi eu hunain a'u teulu a mwynhau diddordebau.

Diweithdra

Yn ôl Coleg Brenhinol y Seiciatryddion, mae unigolion di-waith yn fwy tebygol o:

• brofi iechyd corfforol a meddyliol gwaeth yn gyffredinol
• gweld eu meddyg teulu yn amlach
• cael eu derbyn i’r ysbyty
• marw.

Straen sy'n gysylltiedig â gwaith

Os bydd gofynion swydd yn fwy na gallu’r gweithiwr i ymdopi, gall hyn arwain at straen sy'n gysylltiedig â gwaith. Gall arwain at orbryder ac iselder.

Culture

Culture is a set of ideas, customs and behaviours shared by a particular group of people or society.

It can affect how a group of people think of health, illness and death, causes of diseases, where they seek help and the types of treatment they want. All of these things can influence health and well-being.

Young people from different cultural backgrounds can feel caught between two sets of cultural standards and values due to cultural views on sexuality, relationships, gender roles, education and employment. They can feel restricted in their choice of friends and dating can cause family conflict.

Racial diversity

Race refers to an individual's race, colour, nationality and ethnic or national origins.

Some races have a higher chance of certain diseases; for instance, sickle cell anaemia is more prominent in Africans, Asians, Middle Eastern individuals and East Europeans.

Mental health issues can arise due to racism, which can lower an individual’s self-esteem and confidence, which can lead to individuals withdrawing from contact with others or being afraid of going to school or work. This will increase the risk of problems such as depression, anxiety and substance use.

Diwylliant

Diwylliant yw set o syniadau, arferion a ffyrdd o ymddwyn a rennir gan grŵp o bobl neu gymdeithas benodol.

Gall effeithio ar y ffordd mae grŵp o bobl yn meddwl am iechyd, salwch a marwolaeth, achosion clefyd, ble i gael help a'r mathau o driniaeth maent am ei chael. Gall yr holl bethau hyn ddylanwadu ar iechyd a llesiant.

Gall pobl ifanc o wahanol gefndiroedd diwylliannol deimlo eu bod wedi'u dal rhwng dwy set o safonau a gwerthoedd diwylliannol, oherwydd safbwyntiau diwylliannol yn ymwneud â rhywioldeb, cydberthnasau, rolau o ran rhywedd, addysg a chyflogaeth. Gallant deimlo'n rhwystredig o ran eu dewis o ffrindiau, a gall detio achosi gwrthdaro o fewn y teulu.

Amrywiaeth hiliol

Mae hil yn cyfeirio at hil, lliw, cenedligrwydd a tharddiad ethnig neu genedlaethol unigolyn.

Mae ambell hil yn wynebu risg uwch o gael rhai clefydau; er enghraifft, mae anemia cryman-gell yn fwy cyffredin ymhlith pobl Affricanaidd, Asiaid, unigolion o'r Dwyrain Canol ac unigolion o Ddwyrain Ewrop.

Gall problemau iechyd meddwl ddeillio o hiliaeth, a all ostwng lefel hunan-barch a hyder unigolyn, a all arwain at unigolion yn osgoi cael cyswllt ag eraill, neu fod ofn mynd i'r ysgol neu'r gwaith. Bydd hyn yn cynyddu'r risg o broblemau fel iselder, gorbryder a defnyddio sylweddau.

For each of the scenarios below, identify the impact of the situation on the individual’s social and emotional growth and development and what could be done to support them.

Ar gyfer pob un o'r senarios isod, nodwch effaith y sefyllfa ar allu'r unigolion i dyfu a datblygu'n gymdeithasol ac yn emosiynol, a beth y gellid ei wneud i'w cefnogi.