Examples of factors affecting well-being

Enghreifftiau o ffactorau sy'n effeithio ar lesiant

Children outdoors

The well-being of children and young people is affected by a variety of factors that may be social, economic, cultural or physical. Some examples include:

Adverse Childhood Experiences. These can include abuse, neglect, being brought up in a household where there is domestic violence, drug abuse, alcohol abuse, parental separation.

‘Evidence shows children who experience stressful and poor quality childhoods are more likely to develop health-harming and anti-social behaviours, more likely to perform poorly in school, more likely to be involved in crime and ultimately less likely to be a productive member of society.'

Home background. A supportive and caring background provides the foundations for positive social development and provides positive role models. Mental illness, substance abuse, unemployment, violence and poverty may have a negative impact. Drug and alcohol abuse may lead to children being physically and emotionally neglected.

Looked after children and young people. These children and young people may lack consistency in care, come from abusive backgrounds and move between homes resulting in poor educational achievement. Children and young people who experience changes in family members and carers they live with are twice as likely to have low well-being as those living in stable environments.

Positive, consistent and caring relationships. These support social development and confidence and positive role models. Children who move home frequently or have changes in family members or carers have a lower level of well-being than those with consistent relationships.

Secure attachment. Where a child has secure attachments, they are self-confident and will participate readily in activities.

Social deprivation. Where a child or young person does not have opportunities to meet or mix with others they will experience social deprivation and become isolated, affecting their well-being.

Environment. A stimulating, safe, caring and supportive environment supports a child’s development and positive outcomes. An environment that encourages exercise (e.g. cycling, walking) with available sports facilities supports well-being. High quality water supplies, lack of pollution and chemical hazards and good housing support health and well-being. Children and young people living in cramped conditions or sharing bedrooms and lacking privacy experience a lower level of well-being.

Educational experiences. Good educational experiences support children and young people’s confidence, knowledge and well-being. Consistent education without moves between schools supports well-being and academic achievement.

Economic factors. Where a child grows up in poverty and has limited opportunities, poor diet or suffers from neglect there is an impact on their well-being and health.

Disabilities and physical ill-health. Disabilities and ill-health may impact on a child or young person’s ability to exercise and socialise, and they may become isolated.

Sensory needs. Sensory difficulties may result in social isolation, communication difficulties.

Diet. A healthy diet supports good health, healthy weight and well-being.

Exercise. A child or young person who does not have the opportunity to exercise may become unfit and overweight and this will impact on their self-esteem as well as their health.

Religion and culture. A child or young person’s values, behaviour and expectations may be defined by their religion and culture

Stress. Chronic stress can hinder brain development and a child’s ability to learn.

Play. Play has a positive impact on children and young people’s well-being and healthy development. Play has an important role in developing a healthy lifestyle, resilience and social development and health and well-being are supported by the availability of play spaces in environments. Children who do not have access to an outdoor space or garden are more likely to experience low well-being.

Mae amrywiaeth o ffactorau'n effeithio ar lesiant plant a phobl ifanc, gan gynnwys rhai cymdeithasol, economaidd, diwylliannol a chorfforol. Ymhlith yr enghreifftiau mae:

Profiadau Niweidiol yn ystod Plentyndod. Gall y rhain gynnwys cam-drin, esgeulustod, magwraeth mewn cartref lle mae cam-drin domestig, camddefnyddio cyffuriau, camddefnyddio alcohol, rhieni'n gwahanu.

Dengys tystiolaeth fod plant sy'n cael plentyndod gwael sy'n llawn straen yn fwy tebygol o ddatblygu ymddygiad sy'n niweidiol i iechyd ac ymddygiad gwrthgymdeithasol, yn fwy tebygol o wneud yn wael yn yr ysgol, yn fwy tebygol o ymwneud â throseddu ac, yn y pen draw, yn llai tebygol o fod yn aelod cynhyrchiol o gymdeithas.

Cefndir cartref. Mae cefndir cefnogol a gofalgar yn gosod y sylfeini ar gyfer datblygiad cymdeithasol cadarnhaol ac yn darparu modelau rôl cadarnhaol. Gall salwch meddwl, camddefnyddio sylweddau, diweithdra, trais a thlodi gael effaith negyddol ar lesiant. Gall camddefnyddio cyffuriau ac alcohol arwain at esgeulustod corfforol ac emosiynol.

Plant a phobl ifanc sy'n derbyn gofal. Mae'n bosib fod y plant a’r bobl ifanc hyn wedi dod o gefndiroedd â diffyg cysondeb o ran gofal, cefndiroedd lle ceir cam-drin ac wedi symud tai llawer o weithiau. Gall y ffactorau hyn arwain at gyflawniadau addysgol gwael. Mae plant a phobl ifanc sy’n profi newidiadau o ran aelodau’r teulu a gofalwyr maent yn byw â nhw ddwywaith yn fwy tebygol o gael llesiant isel o gymharu â’r rheini sy’n byw mewn amgylcheddau sefydlog.

Perthnasoedd cadarnhaol, cyson a gofalgar. Mae'r rhain yn cefnogi datblygiad a hyder cymdeithasol a modelau rôl cadarnhaol. Mae gan blant sy'n symud tŷ yn aml neu sy'n wynebu newidiadau o ran aelodau'r teulu neu ofalwyr lefel is o lesiant na'r rhai sydd â pherthnasoedd cyson.

Ymlyniad sicr. Os oes gan blentyn ymlyniadau sicr, mae'n hunanhyderus a bydd yn cymryd rhan yn rhwydd mewn gweithgareddau.

Amddifadedd cymdeithasol. Os na fydd plentyn neu berson ifanc yn cael cyfleoedd i gwrdd a chymysgu â phobl eraill, bydd yn profi amddifadedd cymdeithasol ac yn mynd yn ynysig, a fydd yn effeithio ar eu llesiant.

Amgylchedd. Mae amgylchedd ysgogol, diogel, gofalgar a chefnogol yn cefnogi datblygiad a chanlyniadau cadarnhaol. Mae amgylchedd sy'n annog ymarfer corff (e.e. beicio, cerdded) lle mae cyfleusterau chwaraeon ar gael yn cefnogi llesiant. Mae cyflenwad dŵr o ansawdd da, diffyg llygredd a pheryglon cemegol a chymorth da o ran tai yn cefnogi iechyd a llesiant. Mae plant a phobl ifanc sy'n byw mewn amodau cyfyng neu sy'n rhannu ystafelloedd gwely a heb breifatrwydd yn profi lefel is o lesiant.

Profiadau addysgol. Mae profiadau addysgol da yn cefnogi hyder, gwybodaeth a llesiant plant a phobl ifanc. Mae addysg gyson heb lawer o symud rhwng ysgolion yn cefnogi llesiant a chyflawniad academaidd.

Ffactorau economaidd. Os bydd plentyn yn cael eu magu mewn tlodi, yn cael cyfleoedd cyfyngedig, yn dilyn deiet gwael neu'n dioddef o esgeulustod, bydd hyn yn effeithio ar ei lesiant a'i iechyd.

Anableddau a salwch corfforol. Gall anableddau a salwch effeithio ar allu plentyn neu berson ifanc i wneud ymarfer corff a chymdeithasu, a gall fynd yn ynysig.

Anghenion synhwyraidd. Gall anawsterau synhwyraidd arwain at ynysu cymdeithasol neu anawsterau cyfathrebu.

Deiet. Mae deiet iach yn cefnogi iechyd da, pwysau iach a llesiant.

Ymarfer corff. Gall plentyn neu berson ifanc nad yw'n cael cyfle i wneud ymarfer corff fynd yn anffit a thros bwysau, a bydd hyn yn effeithio ar ei hunan-barch yn ogystal â'i iechyd.

Crefydd a diwylliant. Gellir diffinio gwerthoedd, ymddygiad a disgwyliadau plentyn neu berson ifanc yn ôl ei grefydd a'i ddiwylliant.

Straen. Gall straen cronig lesteirio datblygiad yr ymennydd a'r gallu i ddysgu neu ganolbwyntio.

Chwarae. Mae chwarae yn cael effaith cadarnhaol ar lesiant a datblygiad iach plant a phobl ifanc. Mae gan chwarae rôl bwysig er mwyn datblygu ffordd o fyw iach, gwydnwch a datblygiad cymdeithasol. Mae iechyd a llesiant yn cael eu cefnogi gan argaeledd ardaloedd chwarae mewn amgylcheddau. Gall plant sydd heb fynediad at ardal tu allan neu ardd fod yn fwy tebygol o brofi llesiant isel.

The positive and negative well-being of children and young people is affected by a variety of factors.

Some examples include

Mae amrywiaeth o ffactorau'n effeithio ar lesiant cadarnhaol a negyddol unigolion a gofalwyr.

Ymhlith yr enghreifftiau mae