Creative play enables the child to experiment with themselves, and to express themselves using materials. Creative play gives the children an opportunity to discover the different properties of materials, and it is the process of creating something that is important to the child rather than the result. This type of play enables the child to practice physical skills and coordination, social skills, to develop a relationship with others and to build confidence, and, to develop cognitive skills to develop ideas, concepts and language skills. The adult needs to provide a variety of materials and opportunities to play e.g. music, dancing, collage, painting, drawing, modelling rubbish, wood work, sand and water in order to enable the child to develop and practice these skills.
The child's physical development will benefit from playing with creative materials such as water, sand, clay, paint, models and collage materials. Hand-eye coordination and fine motor skills will specifically benefit from using the equipment to pour, measure, cut, hold and glue. The properties of the materials used will promote the child's cognitive development as they explore their texture using the senses e.g. the sensation and sound of pouring water or sand. Children will have the opportunity to practice and develop their language and social skills by communicating with the other children and adults whilst playing, by taking turns and sharing the equipment.
Creative play will also give children the opportunity to gain confidence and will allay any tensions or stresses. By looking at a picture or a painting by a child of people, the adult will be able to see the child's stage of development with regard to fine motor skills, and also what the child understands about themselves e.g. head, body, arms and legs.
Physical play is when children play by exercising their bodies and using their large muscles. Physical play is important not only in order to promote and maintain children's health, but also as it connects to each aspect of children's development.
A child's brain activity improves by getting fresh air and physical exercise. The child will learn through their senses about pace; spacial awareness; height; weight and the surrounding environment. Therefore, physical play both indoors and outdoors is equally important. A child's language, communication skills and social skills will improve by using an extended vocabulary, learning to share and take turns and playing together through physical play. Physical play will help the child to develop stamina, muscles, balance and coordination. It will also give the child an opportunity to release energy and tension. Physical play gives a sense of freedom, adventure and the opportunity to explore safely, thus promoting the child's confidence and self-confidence.
A child needs space to enjoy physical play. If the setting cannot provide space, the child may need to be taken to a park or playing fields. These are the types of large equipment which are useful for physical play: climbing frames, swing, slide, play tunnels, trampoline, ropes and stools, ride-on toys e.g. bikes and trikes. Large equipment can be adapted so that children with special needs can use them e.g. grippers can be placed on climbing frames.
Physical play also allows the child to challenge gender stereotypes. By the time they are 3 years old, most children are aware of their gender, and by 5 years old, children usually play with children of the same gender. Therefore, it is important for childcare workers to set a good example and also to ensure that physical play gives children the opportunity to experience all types of physical play e.g. obstacle course that uses all types of equipment e.g. balls, skipping ropes etc.
Imaginative play; imaginative play or role play is when children think of their own games and situations, act out their feelings and emotions and what they see around them by speaking to toys and other objects.
Imaginative play helps children to develop their language and communication skills, and is also connected to every other aspect of child development e.g. physical, intellectual, emotional and social.
Soft toys, the home corner, dolls, dressing up clothes and small world toys can be used for imaginative play. The equipment for imaginative play does not need to be expensive equipment bought from a shop: children will be happy imagining that cardboard boxes are cars etc. A good range and variety of equipment is needed to extend the play, but offering too many materials at once can overwhelm children. However, the materials need to be changed regularly so that the play does not become too repetitive.
There are many different types of imaginative play, and it will depend on the age and development stage of the child e.g. role play - taking part e.g. policeman; Socio-dramatic play - when the children pretend to play together cooperatively; Playing House - the children act out what they see at home e.g. cooking; Imaginative - the children act out their experiences but adapt those experiences to meet their play needs e.g. going for a walk; Fantasy Play - the children pretend to do something they have heard or seen e.g. going to the hospital; Hero Play - playing the role of an imaginary character from the world of television e.g. Fireman Sam
This is play that uses fine manual skills to put or fit pieces of equipment together e.g. interlocking building blocks such as Lego, Duplo, jigsaw pieces, train sets. The child can see the results of their efforts and feel successful. Once the aim is achieved, the child can then set new aims and develop their self-confidence and self-image. Cooperative play, taking turns and sharing equipment and materials also promotes the child's social development.
The physical benefits of manual play include: developing hand-eye coordination, fine and gross motor skills. Manual play encourages the child's cognitive development by helping them to think in a clear and logical manner, and to sort shapes, sizes and develop spacial awareness. The equipment used for manual play doesn't need to be expensive, but a variety of equipment and materials are needed in order to encourage and extend the child's play, such as: jigsaws, puzzles, shape sorters, Duplo and Lego.
Discovery through play is when a child takes part in activities or play and explores and learns how to play with materials with a new texture. Natural materials can be offered such as sand, water, stones, shells and these can also be included within imaginary play. Amongst the benefits of discovery through play is the fact that the child will develop to be creative, by offering them the freedom to explore and convey their own ideas. Materials that promote discovery through play can include mud, pasta, rice, buttons, stones, shredded paper, shaving foam. Water, food colouring, glue or paint can be added to the above in order to further promote the children's discovery skills.
A good range and variety of equipment is needed to meet their discovery through play needs and treasure baskets can be relevant for babies who are able to sit but who are not mobile yet. Including natural materials in the basket will allow the baby to discover by using its senses. It is essential to ensure that the materials offered to children are safe and suitable for their age and development stage.
Fine motor skills and hand-eye coordination will develop by playing with small toys and resources such as blocks; beads; peg board.
Gross motor skills, balance and movement will develop through energetic play activities.
Children will develop thinking skills by touching and exploring the world around them. Concepts such as size, space, volume, texture and colour will develop through play activities such as painting, playing with water and craft activities.
Children develop communication skills by speaking to each other, and to people around them, and by listening to each other and to others. Imaginative play gives them an opportunity to use language; words and phrases that they do not understand but that they use during role play activities.
Play gives children an opportunity to attempt new things without the fear of being wrong and failing, so they develop confidence and self-respect - and feel good about themselves. Imaginative play gives children an opportunity to explore their emotions, and to express and act out how they feel. Play often affects children's behaviour - bad behaviour often stems from boredom or frustration. Therefore, it is important to ensure that the activities are entertaining and varied.
Children learn the skills of being with others as they play. They can play individually side by side with other children or in groups. Play provides an opportunity to explore relationships, to take turns and to share. It also teaches children about the world around them; about different people and cultures. As children get older, they use play as a means of socialising; they can escape the pressures of life and it is a way of relaxing. Children will like different types of play more than others. Some will prefer playing with craft materials, whilst others will enjoy physical activities. Children may prefer to play on their own or with others.
Mae chwarae creadigol yn galluogi i'r plentyn arbrofi gyda'i hun, a mynegi'i hun gan ddefnyddio deunyddiau. Mae chwarae creadigol yn rhoi'r cyfle i blant ddarganfod priodweddau y gwahanol deunyddiau, a'r broses o greu rhywbeth sy'n bwysig i'r plentyn yn hytrach na'r canlyniad. Mae'r math hwn o chwarae yn galluogi i'r plentyn ymarfer sgiliau corfforol a chydsymud; sgiliau cymdeithasol, datblygu perthynas ag eraill, a magu hyder; datblygu sgiliau gwybyddol, datblygu syniadau a chysyniadau a sgiliau iaith. Mae angen i'r oedolyn ddarparu amrywiaeth o ddefnyddiau a chyfleoedd i chwarae e.e. cerddoriaeth, dawnsio, collage, peintio, llunio, modelu sbwriel, gwaith pren, tywod a dŵr i alluogi i'r plentyn ddatblygu'r sgiliau hyn a'u hymarfer.
Bydd datblygiad corfforol y plentyn yn elwa o chwarae gyda defnyddiau creadigol megis dŵr, tywod, toes, clai, paent, modelau, a defnyddiau collage. Bydd cydsymud llaw a llygad a sgiliau echddygol manwl yn benodol yn elwa o ddefnyddio'r offer i arllwys, mesur, torri, dal a gludo. Bydd priodweddau'r defnyddiau a ddefnyddir yn hybu datblygiad gwybyddol y plentyn wrth i'r plentyn archwilio eu gwead gan ddefnyddio'r synhwyrau e.e. teimlad a sŵn arllwys dŵr neu dywod. Bydd plant yn cael cyfle i ymarfer a datblygu eu sgiliau iaith a chymdeithasol drwy gyfathrebu gyda'r plant ac oedolion eraill wrth chwarae, drwy gymryd tro a rhannu'r offer.
Bydd chwarae creadigol hefyd yn rhoi cyfle i'r plentyn fagu hyder a chael gwared ag unrhyw densiwn neu gynnwrf. Wrth edrych ar lun neu baentiad gan blentyn o bobl, bydd yr oedolyn yn gallu gweld cyfnod datblygiad sgiliau echddygol manwl y plentyn, a hefyd beth mae'r plentyn yn ei ddeall am ei hun e.e. pen, corff, breichiau a choesau.
Chwarae corfforol yw pan fydd plant yn chwarae wrth ymarfer eu cyrff a defnyddio eu cyhyrau mawr. Mae chwarae corfforol yn bwysig nid yn unig er mwyn hybu a chynnal iechyd plentyn, ond mae hefyd yn cysylltu â phob agwedd ar ddatblygiad plentyn.
Mae gweithgarwch ymennydd plentyn yn gwella drwy gael awyr iach ac ymarfer corff. Bydd y plentyn yn dysgu drwy ei synhwyrau am gyflymder; ymwybyddiaeth ofodol; uchder; pwysau a'r amgylchedd o'i gwmpas. Felly, mae chwarae corfforol tu mewn a thu allan yr un mor bwysig. Bydd iaith, sgiliau cyfathrebu a sgiliau cymdeithasol plentyn yn gwella drwy ddefnyddio geirfa estynedig, dysgu rhannu a chymryd tro a chwarae'n gydweithredol drwy chwarae corfforol. Bydd chwarae corfforol yn helpu'r plentyn i ddatblygu stamina, cyhyrau, cydbwysedd a chydsymud ei gorff. Mae hefyd yn rhoi'r cyfle i blentyn ryddhau egni a thensiwn. Mae chwarae corfforol yn rhoi teimlad o ryddid, antur a'r cyfle i archwilio'n ddiogel, a thrwy hynny yn hybu hyder a hunanhyder y plentyn.
Mae angen lle ar blentyn i fwynhau chwarae corfforol. Os nad yw'r lleoliad yn gallu darparu lle, efallai byddai angen mynd â'r plentyn i barc neu gae chwarae. Dyma'r mathau o offer mawr sy'n ddefnyddiol ar gyfer chwarae corfforol: fframiau dringo, siglen, llithren, twneli chwarae, trampolîn, rhaffau ac ystolion, reidio ar deganau e.e. beiciau a beiciau tair olwyn. Gellir addasu offer mawr fel bod plant sydd ag anghenion arbennig yn gallu eu defnyddio e.e. gellir rhoi crafangau ('grippers') ar fframiau dringo.
Mae chwarae corfforol hefyd yn gadael i'r plentyn herio stereoteipiau rhyw. Erbyn maent yn 3 oed, mae'r rhan fwyaf o blant yn ymwybodol o'u rhyw, ac erbyn 5 oed bydd plant fel arfer yn chwarae gyda phlant o'r un rhyw ag ef/hi. Felly, mae'n bwysig i weithiwr blynyddoedd cynnar osod esiampl dda a hefyd sicrhau bod chwarae corfforol yn rhoi cyfle i'r plant gael profiad o'r holl fathau o chwarae corfforol e.e. cwrs rhwystrau sy'n golygu defnyddio bob math o offer e.e. peli, rhaffau sgipio ac ati.
Chwarae dychmygol; chwarae dychmygu neu chwarae rhan yw pan fydd plant yn meddwl am eu gemau a'u sefyllfaoedd eu hunain, yn actio eu teimladau a'u hemosiynau a'r hyn a welant o'u cwmpas drwy siarad â theganau a gwrthrychau eraill.
Mae chwarae dychmygol yn gymorth i blant ddatblygu eu sgiliau iaith a chyfathrebu, ac mae hefyd yn cysylltu â phob agwedd arall ar ddatblygiad plant e.e. corfforol, deallusol, emosiynol a chymdeithasol.
Gellir defnyddio teganau meddal, cornel gartref, dolis, dillad gwisgo fyny, a theganau byd bach ar gyfer chwarae dychmygol. Nid oes rhaid i'r offer ar gyfer chwarae dychmygol fod yn offer drud o siop: bydd plant yn hapus yn dychmygu bod bocsys cardfwrdd yn geir ac ati. Mae angen ystod ac amrywiaeth dda o offer i ymestyn y chwarae, ond gall rhoi gormod o ddefnyddiau ar unwaith lethu plant. Er hynny, mae angen newid y defnyddiau yn rheolaidd fel nad yw'r chwarae yn rhy ailadroddus.
Ceir llawer o wahanol fathau o chwaraedychmygol, a bydd yn dibynnu ar oed a chyfnod datblygiad y plentyn e.e. chwarae rhan - cymryd rhan e.e. heddwas; Chwarae dramatig-gymdeithasol - pan fydd plant yn smalio chwarae efo'i gilydd yn gydweithredol; Chwarae Tŷ - mae'r plant yn actio'r hyn a welant yn eu cartref e.e. coginio; Dychmygol - plant yn actio eu profiadau ond yn eu haddasu i'w hanghenion chwarae e.e. mynd am dro; Chwarae Ffantasi - plant yn smalio gwneud rhywbeth maent wedi'i glywed neu'i weld e.e. mynd i'r ysbyty; Chwarae Arwr - ymgymryd â rôl a nodweddion cymeriad afreal ar y teledu e.e. Sam Tân.
Chwarae yw hwn sy'n defnyddio sgiliau llawdrin manwl i osod neu ffitio darnau offer efo'i gilydd e.e. blociau adeiladu sy'n cydgloi megis Lego, Duplo, darnau jig-so, setiau trenau. Gall y plentyn weld canlyniad ei (h)ymdrechion a theimlo'n llwyddiannus. Wrth gyflawni'r nod, gall y plentyn osod nodau newydd a meithrin ei hunanhyder a'i hunanddelwedd. Mae chwarae cydweithredol, cymryd tro a rhannu'r offer a'r deunyddiau hefyd yn hybu datblygiad cymdeithasol y plentyn.
Ymhlith manteision corfforol chwarae llawdrin mae: datblygu cydsymud llaw a llygad, sgiliau echddygol manwl a bras. Mae chwarae llawdrin yn annog datblygiad gwybyddol y plentyn drwy ei helpu i feddwl yn glir ac yn rhesymegol, gallu trefnu siapiau, meintiau a datblygu ymwybyddiaeth ofodol. Nid oes angen i'r offer a ddefnyddir ar gyfer chwarae llawdrin fod yn ddrud, ond mae angen amrywiaeth o offer a deunyddiau ar blentyn i annog ac ymestyn y chwarae megis: jig-so, posau, trefnwyr siapiau, Duplo a Lego.
Chwarae darganfyddol yw pan fydd plentyn yn cymryd rhan mewn gweithgareddau neu chwarae ac yn archwilio a dysgu sut i chwarae â deunyddiau a gweadedd newydd. Gellir cynnig deunydd naturiol megis tywod, dŵr, cerrig, cregyn a gall y rhain hefyd gael eu cynnwys yn eu chwarae creadigol. Ymhlith manteision chwarae darganfyddol bydd plentyn yn datblygu i fod yn greadigol, a hynny trwy gynnig rhyddid i archwilio a mynegi syniadau eu hunain. Gall deunyddiau sy’n hyrwyddo chwarae darganfyddol gynnwys mwd, pasta, reis, botymau, cerrig, carpion papur, ewyn eillio. Gellir ychwanegu dwr, lliw bwyd, glud neu baent i’r uchod er mwyn hyrwyddo sgiliau darganfyddol plant ymhellach.
Mae angen ystod ac amrywiaeth dda o offer i ddiwallu eu chwarae darganfyddol a gall basgedi trysor fod yn berthnasol i faban sydd yn eistedd i fyny ond sydd ddim eto yn symud. Bydd cynnwys deunyddiau naturiol yn y fasged yn caniatáu i’r baban ddarganfod trwy ddefnyddio’r synhwyrau. Mae’n hanfodol sicrhau bod y deunyddiau a gynigir i blant yn ddiogel ac yn addas ar gyfer oed a cham datblygiad.
Bydd sgiliau echddygol manwl a chydsymud llaw a llygad yn datblygu wrth chwarae gyda theganau bach ac offer megis blociau; gleiniau; bwrdd pegiau.
Bydd sgiliau echddygol bras; cydbwysedd a symudiad yn datblygu drwy weithgareddau chwarae egnïol.
Bydd plant yn datblygu sgiliau meddwl drwy gyffwrdd ac archwilio'r byd o'u cwmpas. Bydd cysyniadau megis maint, gofod, cyfaint, gwead a lliw yn datblygu drwy weithgareddau chwarae megis peintio, chwarae gyda dŵr a gweithgareddau crefft.
Mae plant yn datblygu sgiliau cyfathrebu drwy siarad â'i gilydd, ac â phobl o'u cwmpas, ac wrth wrando ar ei gilydd ac ar eraill. Mae chwarae dychmygu yn rhoi'r cyfle iddynt roi cynnig ar iaith; geiriau ac ymadroddion nad ydynt yn deall ond y maent yn eu defnyddio yn ystod gweithgareddau chwarae rhan.
Mae chwarae yn rhoi cyfle i blant roi cynnig ar bethau newydd heb ofni bod yn anghywir a methu, felly maent yn datblygu hyder a hunan-barch - teimlo'n dda am eu hunain. Mae chwarae dychmygu yn rhoi cyfle i blant archwilio eu hemosiynau, mynegi ac actio sut maent yn teimlo. Bydd chwarae yn aml yn effeithio ar ymddygiad plant - mae ymddygiad drwg yn aml yn digwydd oherwydd eu bod wedi diflasu neu eu bod yn rhwystredig. Felly, mae'n bwysig gofalu bod y gweithgareddau yn ddifyr ac yn amrywiol.
Mae plant yn dysgu sgiliau bod gydag eraill wrth iddynt chwarae. Gallant chwarae fel unigolion wrth ochr plant eraill neu mewn grwpiau. Mae chwarae yn gyfle i archwilio perthynas, cymryd tro a rhannu. Mae plant hefyd yn dysgu am y byd o'u cwmpas; am wahanol bobl a diwylliannau. Wrth i blant fynd yn hŷn, maent yn defnyddio chwarae fel ffordd o gymdeithasu; maent yn gallu dianc o bwysau bywyd ac mae'n ffordd o ymlacio. Bydd plant yn hoffi gwahanol fathau o chwarae yn fwy nag eraill. Bydd yn well gan rai chwarae gyda defnyddiau crefft, tra bydd eraill yn mwynhau gweithgareddau corfforol. Efallai bydd plant yn ffafrio chwarae ar eu pen eu hunain neu gydag eraill.
Drag the type of play to the correct image.
Llusgwch y math o chwarae at y ddelwedd gywir.
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Rhybudd! Ni ellir defnyddio’r adnodd yma ar ffonau symudol neu dabled.
Well done. You have matched them all correctly.
Da iawn. Rydych wedi paru pob un yn gywir.
Images Delweddau |
Type of Play Math o Chwarae |
Correct answers Atebion cywir |
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Complete the activity below.
Cwblhewch y gweithgaredd isod.
Which type of play can happen using the following materials?
Pa chwarae sy’n gallu digwydd wrth ddefnyddio’r deunyddiau canlynol?